Quantification of microplastics in environmental samples via pressurized liquid extraction and pyrolysis-gas chromatography

The quantification of microplastics (MP) in environmental samples is currently a challenging task. To enable low quantification limits, an analytical method has been developed combining pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) and pyrolysis GC-MS. The automated extraction includes a pre-extraction step via methanol followed by a subsequent PLE using tetrahydrofuran. For the most frequently used synthetic polymers polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS), limits of quantification were achieved down to 0.007 mg/g. Recoveries above 80% were attained for solid matrices such as soil and sediments. The developed method was applied for MP quantification in environmental samples such as sediment, suspended matter, soil, and sewage sludge. In all these matrices, PE and PP were detected with concentrations ranging from 0.03 to 3.3 mg/g. In sewage sludge samples, all three polymers were present with concentration levels ranging between 0.08 +/- 0.02 mg/g (PP) and 3.3 +/- 0.3 mg/g (PE). However, especially for solid samples, the analysis of triplicates revealed elevated statistical uncertainties due to the inhomogeneous distribution of MP particles. Thus, care has to be taken when milling and homogenizing the samples due to the formation of agglomerates. Graphical abstract