Impact of human and environmental factors on land cover changes of an oak silvopastoral system

Silvopastoral systems integrate the complexity of forestry and forage-livestock management in an economically and ecologically sustainable way. However, these systems have undergone intensive pressure over the past decades caused by changes in land uses, as well as, in local socioeconomic priorities that suppressed traditional practices such as livestock grazing. These changes have caused land cover spatiotemporal diversifications whose effects were investigated in a traditional oak silvopastoral system at western Greece. In order to investigate the effect of human activities over the study area, the spatiotemporal land cover changes in conjunction with human and animal population changes and the environmental factors altitude, soil depth, inclination and rock type were analyzed. Also, forest-crown density changes were examined as a complimentary factor for the investigation of human intervention in the study area. Data about land-cover changes were derived from aerial orthorectified photographs of years 1945 and 2008, complimented by maps of environmental factors. Data digitization was implemented by the use of ArcGis. Based on the data analysis it derives that land cover changes are mainly attributed to direct human intervention. Environmental factors affect the ecosystem in two ways; first by affecting the location, type and intensity of human activities in the area, for example, soil depth determines where land is more productive and so predetermines the location, type and intensity of agricultural activities. Secondly, in the areas without or with minimal human intervention, environmental factors affect directly the land cover in conjunction with natural species necessities and their antagonistic capabilities.

Automated summary

Silvopastoral systems in western Greece have been impacted by changes in land use and local economic priorities, leading to spatiotemporal diversification of land cover. Data analysis suggests that land cover changes are primarily due to direct human intervention. Environmental factors influence the ecosystem by affecting human activities and directly impacting land cover in areas without human intervention.