Optimal management of electric vehicles in an intelligent parking lot in the presence of hydrogen storage system

Charging/discharging management of electric vehicles (EVs) and dispatch of intermittent renewable energies will be probably two significant issues in future distribution system operation and planning. In addition, intelligent parking lots (IPLs) are widely employed due to ever-increasing number of EVs. In this paper, a novel stochastic approach is proposed for charging/discharging management of EVs parked in IPLs where the electric vehicles are interacting with each other and the upstream grid operator. A newly developed model is presented for the intelligent parking lot with hydrogen storage system (HSS) consisting of fuel cell, electrolyzer, and hydrogen storage tank as well as load demand in which practical constraints are satisfied. The costs of operation related to distribution system, including the purchasing cost of energy from upstream grid and the cost of EVs charging in IPLs, are formulated as the most important objectives of the proposed optimization problem. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm as a fast and population-based technique was carried out in simulations. And, based on the obtained simulation results, all technical and financial objectives are achieved.