Photocatalytic activity of hierarchical Ti-Zr-ZSM-5 catalysts from attapulgite by MRS

Hierarchical architectures of titanium (Ti)-zirconium (Zr)-zeolite Socony Mobile-Five (ZSM-5) nanocrystalline aggregates were synthesized in a microwave-assisted rapid system. The micro-mesoporous structure and single-site photocatalytic activity of the nanocrystals were developed by using acidized attapulgite (microwave-treated acidized attapulgite) in the precursor solution. The morphology, crystallinity, surface area and porosity of the samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and nitrogen gas (N-2) adsorption-desorption. Results demonstrate that titanium-zirconium-ZSM-5 single-site heterogeneous catalysts persist on the typical framework of mordenite framework inverted structure and present a new spherical aggregate morphology made-up of hexagonal nanocrystals. The synthesis time required is reduced from 12 h to 180 min. The hierarchical nanocrystals have a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area (349.51m(2)/g) similar to and a mesopore volume larger than (0.23 cm(3)/g) those of commercial zeolites. The tetrahedrally coordinated metal oxide (titanium and zirconium) moieties were implanted and isolated in the silica matrices of micro-mesoporous ZSM-5 zeolite, which had a significant photocatalytic activity and reusability for degrading methylene blue dyeing wastewater. As a microreactor, the nanocrystals, with single-site photocatalytic activity, are worthy to be investigated further for potential applications in catalysis for dyeing and wastewater treatment.