Interleukin-4 released from human gingival fibroblasts reduces osteoclastogenesis

Objective: Human gingival epithelium is continuously exposed to bacteria and acts as the first line of defense in periodontal tissues. It is crucial to maintain healthy, non-inflamed gingival tissue to avoid gingivitis and periodontitis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of IL-4 in human gingival fibroblasts (hGF) on the activation of osteoclasts. Design: Two hGF samples were obtained from two healthy patients, and one was collected from a commercially available resource. The hGFs were cultured, and conditioned medium of hGF (hGF-CM) was stocked at -80 degrees C. The mRNA was isolated from the hGF cultures and analyzed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for expression of suppressive osteoclastogenetic mediators, such as interleukin (IL)-4, osteoprotegerin (OPG), IL-10, IL-27, and IL-33. The hGF-CM was used to investigate the inhibitory function of mouse macrophages supplemented with either glutathione S-transferase-Receptor activator of NF-kB ligand (GST-RANKL), human recombinant (rh)IL-4, or rhOPG but not a combination. Differentiation of osteoclasts was examined by tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining and TRAP assay. The suppressive role of IL-4 was assessed by neutralizing IL-4 antibody in the TRAP assay. Results: The hGF-CM reduced both TRAP positive staining and activity in a dose-dependent manner. IL-4 and OPG mRNA expressions were expressed in hGF-CM from three different donors but that of IL-10, IL-27, or IL-33 was not detected. In the RAW264 culture, rhIL-4 and rhOPG reduced TRAP positive staining as well as activity in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, addition of neutralizing antibodies for IL-4 reduced the inhibitory effect of conditioned medium from gingival fibroblasts in the RAW264 culture. Conclusion: We concluded that hGF potentially contained suppressive mediators, such as IL-4 and OPG, for osteoclastogenesis. Moreover, we confirmed that the differential inhibition of osteoclast is caused by OPG as well as IL-4 in hGF-CM. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.