Review of clinical experience on biomaterials and tissue engineering of urinary bladder

Purpose In recent pre-clinical studies, biomaterials and bladder tissue engineering have shown promising outcomes when addressing the need for bladder tissue replacement. To date, multiple clinical experiences have been reported. Herein, we aim to review and summarize the reported clinical experience of biomaterial usage and tissue engineering of the urinary bladder. Methods A systematic literature search was performed on Feb 2019 to identify clinical reports on biomaterials for urinary bladder replacement or augmentation and clinical experiences with bladder tissue engineering. We identified and reviewed human studies using biomaterials and tissue-engineered bladder as bladder substitutes or augmentation implants. The studies were then summarized for each respective procedure indication, technique, follow-up period, outcome, and important findings of the studies. Results An extensive literature search identified 25 studies of case reports and case series with a cumulative clinical experience of 222 patients. Various biomaterials and tissue-engineered bladder were used, including plastic/polyethylene mold, preserved dog bladder, gelatine sponge, Japanese paper with Nobecutane, lypholized human dura, bovine pericardium, amniotic membrane, small intestinal mucosa, and bladder tissue engineering with autologous cell-seeded biodegradable scaffolds. However, overall clinical experiences including the outcomes and safety reports were not satisfactory enough to replace enterocystoplasty. Conclusion To date, several clinical experiences of biomaterials and tissue-engineered bladder have been reported; however, various studies have reported non-satisfactory outcomes. Further technological advancements and a better understanding is needed to advance bladder tissue engineering as a future promising management option for patients requiring bladder drainage.