Natural deep eutectic solvents for sample preparation prior to elemental analysis by plasma-based techniques

Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) based on xylitol, citric acid, and malic acid were synthesized and were then characterized using infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), also density and viscosity were measurements. The deep eutectic solvents were used as solvent in ultrasound-assisted extraction (DES-UAE) of plant samples prior to elemental analysis. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) were employed for the determination of As, Ca, Cd, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, and Zn in the extracts. The infrared analyses of the NADES revealed bands characteristic of the initial reagents, with the presence of hydrogen bonds, which confirmed the formation of a NADES. The thermal analyses showed decomposition temperatures of around 170 degrees C and endothermic events related to degradation of the NADES. The viscosity and density parameters were found to be related to the presence of hydrogen bonds. The extraction recoveries ranged from 80% to 120%, with some analytes presenting poor recoveries. There were no significant differences between the NADES, in terms of the concentrations of the analytes found in the extracts. However, there were differences between the analyte concentrations obtained using the NADES extraction method and the concentrations obtained using microwave-assisted acid digestion (MW-AD), possibly due to the different types of interactions between the solvents and the analytes. Plant tissues are complex matrices containing substantial amounts of silica, so some elements may be tightly bound and consequently difficult to release. The results indicated that UAE using NADES is a promising technique for the elemental extraction of plant samples.