期刊
SCIENCE
卷 364, 期 6447, 页码 1267-+出版社
AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE
DOI: 10.1126/science.aat5793
关键词
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资金
- Australian Research Council Discovery Program [DP130102321, DP170104180, FT180100020]
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies [CE170100039]
- Australian Research Council [FT180100020] Funding Source: Australian Research Council
Nonequilibrium interacting systems can evolve to exhibit large-scale structure and order. In two-dimensional turbulent flow, the seemingly random swirling motion of a fluid can evolve toward persistent large-scale vortices. To explain such behavior, Lars Onsager proposed a statistical hydrodynamic model based on quantized vortices. Here, we report on the experimental confirmation of Onsager's model. We dragged a grid barrier through an oblate superfluid Bose-Einstein condensate to generate nonequilibrium distributions of vortices. We observed signatures of an inverse energy cascade driven by the evaporative heating of vortices, leading to steady-state configurations characterized by negative absolute temperatures. Our results open a pathway for quantitative studies of emergent structures in interacting quantum systems driven far from equilibrium.
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