Confocal x-ray Fluorescence Imaging Facilitates High-Resolution Elemental Mapping in Fragile Archaeological Bone

Synchrotron-based standard X-ray fluorescence imaging can be a sophisticated tool for mapping distributions of trace elements in archaeological bone; however, thin samples are normally required to achieve high-spatial-resolution results. Poorly preserved or fragile archaeological samples can be challenging to measure using this standard technique, since the production of a sufficiently thin section may be difficult. We discuss the implementation of confocal X-ray fluorescence imaging as a successful strategy for high-resolution elemental mapping in poorly preserved archaeological bone. The implementation of the confocal method additionally can facilitate localized quantification and speciation of elements, which are also discussed.