期刊
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
卷 116, 期 30, 页码 14916-14925出版社
NATL ACAD SCIENCES
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1802877116
关键词
deforestation; protected areas; spillovers; political economy; Brazil
资金
- World Bank
- Inter-American Development Bank
- Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research
- Tinker Foundation
- NASA Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (Walker Reis project)
- Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency through the Environment for Development Initiative
Protected areas (PAs) are the leading tools to conserve forests. However, given their mixed effectiveness, we want to know when they have impacts internally and, if they do, when they have spillovers. Political economy posits roles for the level of government. One hypothesis is that federal PAs avoid more internal deforestation than state PAs since federal agencies consider gains for other jurisdictions. Such political differences as well as economic mechanisms can cause PA spillovers to vary greatly, even from leakage, more deforestation elsewhere, to blockage, less deforestation elsewhere. We examine internal impacts and local spillovers for Brazilian Amazon federal and state agencies. Outside the region's arc of deforestation, we confirm little internal impact and show no spillovers. In the arc, we test impacts by state, as states are large and feature considerably different dynamics. For internal impacts, estimates for federal PAs and indigenous lands are higher than for state PAs. For local spillover impacts, estimates for most arc states either are not significant or are not robust; however, for Para, federal PAs and indigenous lands feature both internal impacts and local spillovers. Yet, the spillovers in Para go in opposite directions across agencies, leakage for indigenous lands but blockage for federal PAs, suggesting a stronger external signal from the environmental agency. Across all these tools, only federal PAs lower deforestation internally and nearby. Results suggest that agencies' objectives and capacities are critical parts of the contexts for conservation strategies.
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