Role of conducting polymer and metal oxide-based hybrids for applications in ampereometric sensors and biosensors

In recent years, the electrochemical sensors are used extensively due to their unique properties, especially in the biomedical research. Conducting polymers are well known for their inbuilt charge transfer properties and bio-compatibility. Modification of conducting polymers using metal particles, metal oxides, and carbon materials enhance the sensitivity, stability, and reproducibility of the electrode which enhances the overall sensor performance. In this present review, we discuss recent achievements of electrochemical biosensors and sensor performance of various nanostructured conducting polymers and various metal oxides. Various synthesis methodologies of nanostructured conducting polymers and metal oxide-based hybrid sensors are also discussed. Analytical performance of nanohybrids of metal oxides incorporated with conducting polymers such as polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene and their derivatives is elaborated. The characteristics of conducting polymer-based hybrids, metal oxide-based hybrids, and their application in biosensors are reviewed.