Fundamentals and applications of zwitterionic antifouling polymers

Zwitterionic materials as a new class of emerging materials have recently been developed and applied to a broad range of biomedical and engineering applications. Zwitterionic materials possess a unique molecular structure combining both cationic and anionic groups with overall charge neutrality and high hydrophilicity. In this review, we first provide the structure-property relationship of the zwitterionic materials at molecular level, from a molecular simulation viewpoint. Then, we discuss the recent experimental developments in the preparation, properties, and applications of zwitterionic materials, with a particular focus on their antifouling properties on coating surfaces and with additional functionality and applications. Finally, we offer our personal viewpoint of current challenges and future directions in this emerging area. Our goal is to introduce the current status of this type of new zwitterionic materials to researchers from different areas and motivate them to explore all the potentials.