期刊
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS
卷 34, 期 6, 页码 5105-5116出版社
IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC
DOI: 10.1109/TPEL.2018.2877105
关键词
Analog maximum power point tracking (MPPT); dc-dc power conversion; energy harvesting; on-chip solar cell; power management unit (PMU)
资金
- Spanish government projects (FEDER) [MICINN 2018 701897319-97319-45-518, TEC2015-66878-C3-3-R MINECO]
- Xunta de Galicia [ED431C2017/69]
- Conselleria de Cultura, Educacion e Ordenacion Universitaria [ED431G/08]
- European Regional Development Fund
- European Union (European Social Fund)
- Xunta de Galicia (European Social Fund)
This paper presents a power management unit (PMU) powered by a 1 mm(2) solar cell on the same substrate to rise up the harvested voltage above 1.1 V. The on-chip solar cell and the PMU are fabricated in standard 0.18 mu m CMOS technology achieving a form factor of 1.575 mm(2). The PMU is able to startup from a harvested power of 2.38 nW without any external kick off or control signal. The PMU features a continuous and two-dimensional maximum power point tracking (MPPT) working in open-loop mode to handle a harvested power range from nW to mu W, by modifying both the charge pump topology and the switching frequency. The MPPT is based on four voltage level detectors that define five working regions depending on the illumination and on a self-tuning reference current for a fine adjustment of the switching frequency. The chip also includes an auxiliary charge pump to generate the voltage level necessary for the control circuit, implemented as a Pelliconi charge pump of eight stages with NMOS transistors in P-well as diodes. A Dickson charge pump with transmission gates as switches and with variable gain and capacitance per stage is also designed as the main charge pump. Finally, two relaxation oscillators are implemented to drive both charge pumps. This paper is accompanied by a video file demonstrating the PMU operation by powering an off-chip NOR gate.
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