Pulmonary type-2 innate lymphoid cells in paediatric severe asthma: phenotype and response to steroids

Children with severe therapy-resistant asthma (STRA) have poor control despite maximal treatment, while those with difficult asthma (DA) have poor control from failure to implement basic management, including adherence to therapy. Although recognised as clinically distinct, the airway molecular phenotype, including the role of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and their response to steroids in DA and STRA is unknown. Immunophenotyping of sputum and blood ILCs and T-cells from STRA, DA and non-asthmatic controls was undertaken. Leukocytes were analysed longitudinally pre- and post-intramuscular triamcinolone in children with STRA. Cultured ILCs were evaluated to assess steroid responsiveness in vitro. Airway eosinophils, type 2 T-helper (Th2) cells and ILC2s were significantly higher in STRA patients compared to DA and disease controls, while IL-17+ lymphoid cells were similar. ILC2s and Th2 cells were significantly reduced in vivo following intramuscular triamcinolone and in vitro with steroids. Furthermore, asthma attacks and symptoms reduced after systemic steroids despite persistence of steroidresistant IL-17+ cells and eosinophils. Paediatric STRA and DA have distinct airway molecular phenotypes with STRA characterised by elevated type-2 cells. Systemic corticosteroids, but not maintenance inhaled steroids resulted in improved symptom control and exacerbations concomitant with a reduction in functional ILC2s despite persistently elevated IL-17+ lymphoid cells.