期刊
EUROPEAN POLYMER JOURNAL
卷 116, 期 -, 页码 352-360出版社
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.04.021
关键词
Cellulose; Toxicity; Nanomaterials; Kenaf-bast; Rubberwood
资金
- University of Malaya Research Fund Assistance (BKP) [BK095-2016]
- UMRU grant SATU Joint Research Scheme [ST012-2018]
- UMRG programme - AET ITRC [RP045D-17AET]
In the present study, nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) was successfully prepared from raw rubberwood fiber (RRaw) and raw Kenaf-bast fiber (KRaw) via a series of multi-step chemical-mechanical purification techniques, namely, alkalization treatment, hydrogen peroxide bleaching and acid hydrolysis. The obtained nanocellulose yields were 27.51% and 32.53% for RRaw and KRaw, respectively. The crystallinity index of the RRaw and KRaw based nanocellulose increased from 61.21% to 74.34% and 54.12% to 73.19%, respectively, after acid hydrolysis. Morphological characterization by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) clearly showed the formation of rod-shaped NCC with an average diameter of 5.14 +/- 1.91 nm and 5.27 +/- 2.38 nm for RRaw and KRaw, respectively. Their size distributions significantly reduced compared to raw cellulose biomass fiber and extracted cellulose (EC). Furthermore, changes in the Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR) peaks showed that amorphous regions (e.g. hemicelluloses and lignin) were successfully removed from the fibre surface. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of as-synthesized NCC confirmed its thermostability. Cytotoxicity tests demonstrated that NCC did not exhibit cellular toxicity upon exposure to macrophages (RAW 264.7) and HaCaT cells up to 700 mu g mL(-1).
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