Optimal sizing and techno-economic analysis of energy- and cost-efficient standalone multi-carrier microgrid

The objective of this study is optimal sizing and techno-economic analysis of an energy- and costefficient standalone multi-carrier microgrid (SMCMG). This SMCMG is with the integration of photovoltaic-thermal (PVT), wind turbine (WT), micro-turbine (MT), electrical energy storage (EES), thermal energy storage (TES), and backup natural gas boiler (GB) units. For this aim, a long-term planning approach is put forward, taking into account battery degradation and reliability considerations. Total annual cost (TAC) is served as the objective function of the optimization problem, which covers investment, replacement, fuel, and operation and maintenance costs. A rule-based energy management system (EMS), which prioritizes the application of renewable energy (RE) resources, is introduced to administrate the SMCMG operation and maximize RE utilization. To solve the optimization problem, a robust metaheuristic optimization algorithm, called evolutionary particle swarm optimization (E-PSO), is employed, and the results are validated. The simulations are conducted based on real data from Rafsanjan, Iran. The superiority of the E-PSO algorithm is demonstrated. Various techno-economic analyses are conducted, and different configurations for SMCMG are studied. The results signify the competence of the proposed configuration for SMCMG from economic, energy efficiency, reliability, and environmental points of view. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.