Preparation of cellulose nanomaterials via cellulose oxalates

Nanocellulose prepared from cellulose oxalate has been discussed as an alternative to other methods to prepare cellulose nanofibrils or crystals. The current work describes the use of a bulk reaction between pulp and oxalic acid dihydrate to prepare cellulose oxalate followed by homogenization to produce nanocellulose. The prepared nanocellulose is on average 350 nm long and 3-4 nm wide, with particles of size and shape similar to both cellulose nanofibrils and cellulose nanocrystals. Films prepared from this nanocellulose have a maximum tensile stress of 140-200 MPa, strain at break between 3% and 5%, and oxygen permeability in the range of 0.3-0.5 cm(3) mu m m(-2) day(-1) kPa(-1) at 50% relative humidity. The presented results illustrate that cellulose oxalates may be a low-cost method to prepare nanocellulose with properties reminiscent of those of both cellulose nanofibrils and cellulose nanocrystals, which may open up new application areas for cellulose nanomaterials.