期刊
APPLIED ENERGY
卷 177, 期 -, 页码 625-635出版社
ELSEVIER SCI LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.05.143
关键词
Distributed energy resources (DERs); Proactive distribution company (PDISCO); Electricity markets; Bilevel game-theoretic model; Multi-period AC power flow; Mathematical program with equilibrium constraints (MPEC); Mathematical program with primal and dual constraints (MPPDC)
资金
- Research Council of Norway [255209]
- Danish iPower Platform Project [10-095378]
- U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)'s Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability
This paper proposes a methodology to address the trading strategies of a proactive distribution company (PDISCO) engaged in the transmission-level (TL) markets. A one-leader multi-follower bilevel model is presented to formulate the gaming framework between the PDISCO and markets. The lower-level (LL) problems include the TL day-ahead market and scenario-based real-time markets, respectively with the objectives of maximizing social welfare and minimizing operation cost. The upper-level (UL) problem is to maximize the PDISCO's profit across these markets. The PDISCO's strategic offers/bids interactively influence the outcomes of each market. Since the LL problems are linear and convex, while the UL problem is non-linear and non-convex, an equivalent primal-dual approach is used to reformulate this bilevel model to a solvable mathematical program with equilibrium constraints (MPEC). The effectiveness of the proposed model is verified by case studies. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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