An endophytic Kocuria palustris strain harboring multiple arsenate reductase genes

Aiming at revealing the arsenic (As) resistance of the endophytic Kocuria strains isolated from roots and stems of Sphaeralcea angustifolia grown at mine tailing, four strains belonging to different clades of Kocuria based upon the phylogeny of 16S rRNA genes were screened for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Only the strain NE1RL3 was defined as an As-resistant bacterium with MICs of 14.4/0.0125 mM and 300/20.0 mM for As3+ and As5+, respectively, in LB/mineral media. This strain was identified as K. palustris based upon analyses of cellular chemical compositions (cellular fatty acids, isoprenoides, quinones, and sugars), patterns of carbon source, average nucleotide identity of genome and digital DNA-DNA relatedness. Six genes coding to enzymes or proteins for arsenate reduction and arsenite-bumping were detected in the genome, demonstrating that this strain is resistant to As possibly by reducing As5+ to As3+, and then bumping As3+ out of the cell. However, this estimation was not confirmed since no arsenate reduction was detected in a subsequent assay. This study reported for the first time the presence of phylogenetically distinct arsenate reductase genes in a Kocuria strain and evidenced the possible horizontal transfer of these genes among the endophytic bacteria.