Use of Numerical Simulation to Predict Iliac Complications During Placement of An Aortic Stent Graft

Background: During endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR), complex iliac anatomy is a source of complications such as unintentional coverage of the hypogastric artery. The aim of our study was to evaluate ability to predict coverage of the hypogastric artery using a biomechanical model simulating arterial deformations caused by the delivery system. Methods: The biomechanical model of deformation has been validated by many publications. The simulations were performed on 38 patients included retrospectively, for a total of 75 iliac arteries used for the study. On the basis of objective measurements, two groups were formed: one with complex'' iliac anatomy (n = 38 iliac arteries) and the other with simple'' iliac anatomy (n = 37 iliac arteries). The simulation enabled measurement of the lengths of the aorta and the iliac arteries once deformed by the device. Coverage of the hypogastric artery was predicted if the deformed renal/iliac bifurcation length (L-pre) was less than the length of the implanted device (L-stent-measured on the postoperative computed tomography [CT]) and nondeformed L-pre was greater than L-stent. Results: Nine (12%) internal iliac arteries were covered unintentionally. Of the coverage attributed to perioperative deformations, 1 case (1.3%) occurred with simple anatomy and 6 (8.0%) with complex anatomy (P = 0.25). All cases of unintentional coverage were predicted by the simulation. The simulation predicted hypogastric coverage in 35 cases (46.7%). There were therefore 26 (34.6%) false positives. The simulation had a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 60.6%. On multivariate analysis, the factors significantly predictive of coverage were the iliac tortuosity index (P = 0.02) and the predicted margin between the termination of the graft limb and the origin of the hypogastric artery in nondeformed (P = 0.009) and deformed (P = 0.001) anatomy. Conclusions: Numerical simulation is a sensitive tool for predicting the risk of hypogastric coverage during EVAR and allows more precise preoperative sizing. Its specificity is liable to be improved by using a larger cohort.