Electrodeposition of Large Area, Angle-Insensitive Multilayered Structural Colors

We demonstrate structural colors produced by a simple, inexpensive, and nontoxic electrodeposition process. Asymmetric metal-dielectric-metal (MDM) multilayered structures were achieved by sequential electrodeposition of smooth gold, thin cuprous oxide, and finally thin gold on conductive substrates, forming an effective optical cavity with angle-insensitive characteristics. Different colors of high brightness were achieved by simply tuning the thickness of the electrodeposited middle cavity layer. This process is compatible with highly nonplanar substrates of arbitrary shape, size, and roughness. This work is the first demonstration of solution-processed, electrodeposited, MDM film stacks that are uniform over large areas and highlights the clear advantages of this approach over traditional deposition or assembly methods for preparing colored films.