Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy in Cancer Diagnosis, Prognosis and Monitoring

As medicine continues to advance our understanding of and knowledge about the complex and multifactorial nature of cancer, new major technological challenges have emerged in the design of analytical methods capable of characterizing and assessing the dynamic heterogeneity of cancer for diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring, as required by precision medicine. With this aim, novel nanotechnological approaches have been pursued and developed for overcoming intrinsic and current limitations of conventional methods in terms of rapidity, sensitivity, multiplicity, non-invasive procedures and cost. Eminently, a special focus has been put on their implementation in liquid biopsy analysis. Among optical nanosensors, those based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) have been attracting tremendous attention due to the combination of the intrinsic prerogatives of the technique (e.g., sensitivity and structural specificity) and the high degree of refinement in nano-manufacturing, which translate into reliable and robust real-life applications. In this review, we categorize the diverse strategic approaches of SERS biosensors for targeting different classes of tumor biomarkers (cells, nucleic acids and proteins) by illustrating key recent research works. We will also discuss the current limitations and future research challenges to be addressed to improve the competitiveness of SERS over other methodologies in cancer medicine.