Spatial distribution and determinant factors of anaemia among women of reproductive age in Ethiopia: a multilevel and spatial analysis

Objective The aim of this study was to assess the spatial distribution and determinant factors of anaemia among reproductive age women in Ethiopia. Methods An in-depth analysis of the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey data was undertaken. Getis-Ord Gi* statistics were used to identify the hot and cold spot areas for anaemia among women of reproductive age. A multilevel logistic regression model was used to identify independent predictors of anaemia among women of reproductive age. Results Older age (adjusted OR [AOR]= 0.75; 95% CI 0.64 to 0.96), no education (AOR= 1.37; 95% CI 1.102 to 1.72), lowest wealth quantile (AOR= 1.29; 95% CI 1.014 to 1.60), currently pregnant (AOR= 1.28; 95% CI 1.10 to 1.51, currently breast feeding (AOR= 1.09; 95% CI 1.025 to 1.28), high gravidity (AOR= 1.39; 95% CI 1.13 to 1.69) and HIV positive (AOR= 2.11; 95% CI 1.59 to 2.79) are individual factors associated with the occurrence of anaemia. Likewise, living in a rural area (AOR= 1.29; 95% CI 1.02 to 1.63) and availability of unimproved latrine facilities (AOR= 1.18; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.39) are communitylevel factors associated with higher odds of anaemia. The spatial analysis indicated that statistically high hotspots of anaemia were observed in the eastern (Somali, Dire Dawa and Harari regions) and north-eastern (Afar) parts of the country. Conclusion The prevalence rate of anaemia among women of reproductive age varied across the country. Significant hotspots/ high prevalence of anaemia was observed in the eastern and north-eastern parts of Ethiopia. Anaemia prevention strategies need to be targeted on rural residents, women with limited to no education, women who are breast feeding, areas with poor latrine facilities and women who are HIV positive.