Service network design with mixed autonomous fleets

We propose a service network design problem for the tactical planning of parcel delivery with autonomous vehicles in SAE level 4. We consider a heterogeneous infrastructure wherein such vehicles may only drive in feasible zones but need to be guided elsewhere by manually operated vehicles in platoons. Our model decides on the fleet size and mix as well as on the routing of vehicles and goods. We observe cost savings and show that the strategies to coordinate a fleet using platooning depend upon the infrastructure, demand, and fleet mix. We discuss our results and identify areas for future research.