Selecting an extraction solvent for a greener liquid phase microextraction (LPME) mode-based analytical method

Liquid phase microextraction (LPME) has become an increasingly important tool for environmental, pharmaceutical, food, clinical and industrial analysis laboratories. LPME (also referred to as solvent microextraction, SME) consists of three major micro solvent extraction modes, single drop microextraction (SDME), hollow fiber-liquid phase microextraction (HF-LPME) and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME), each of which has unique extraction solvent requirements. LPME, with greatly reduced solvent requirements compared to traditional extraction and purification techniques, fulfills the requirements for classification as a green analytical chemistry (GAC) procedure. However, this designation also requires appropriate selections of extraction solvents and appropriate waste recycling and disposal to be fully classified as green. This review addresses the GAC solvent requirements for LPME modes, in part based on published industrial and analytical solvent selection guides (SSGs). (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.