Proangiogenic penibishexahydroxanthone A from the marine-derived fungus Penicillium sp. ZZ486A

Penibishexahydroxanthone A, a new hexahydroxanthone homodimer with a rare highly oxidized hexacyclic framework, was identified from the marine-derived Penicillium sp. ZZ486A. Its structure was determined by a combination of extensive NMR spectroscopical analyses, HRESIMS data, ECD calculation, and single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Penibishexahydroxanthone A showed in vivo activity in promoting angiogenesis in a dose-dependent manner by rescuing VRI-induced vascular insufficiency in zebrafish. This study is the first report of the proangiogenic activity of hexahydroxanthones. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.