Estimating Energy Expenditure during Level, Uphill, and Downhill Walking

Introduction: The load carriage decision aid (LCDA) walking equation was developed from literature-aggregated group mean data to calculate standing and level walking energy expenditures in healthy, military-age adults. The LCDA walking equation has not been validated for use in individuals or graded walking. Purpose: We aimed to validate the LCDA walking equation as a predictor of standing and level walking energy expenditure in individuals and expand to a new graded walking equation for uphill and downhill walking. Methods: We compiled standing, level walking, and graded walking energy expenditures measured in 95 participants from 11 studies. Walking speeds reached up to 1.96 m.s(-1) with grades ranging between -40% and 45%. The LCDA walking equation was validated against the aggregated standing and level walking data. The new LCDA graded walking equation was developed and cross-validated on the graded walking trials. We compared each equation against four reference predictive equations with the standard error of estimation (SEE) as the primary criterion. Results: The LCDA walking equation accurately estimated standing and level walking energy expenditure (bias, -0.02 0.20 W.kg(-1); SEE, 0.20 W.kg(-1)). Addition of the novel grade term resulted in precise estimates of uphill and downhill walking energy expenditure (bias, 0.09 +/- 0.40 W.kg(-1); SEE, 0.42 W.kg(-1)). Conclusions: The LCDA walking equation is a valid predictor of standing and walking energy expenditure in healthy, military-age individuals. We developed a novel grade term for estimating both uphill and downhill walking energy expenditure with a single equation. Practitioners can use the new LCDA graded walking equation to calculate energy expenditure during standing as well as walking on level, uphill, and downhill slopes.