期刊
JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY
卷 37, 期 10, 页码 2240-2245出版社
IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC
DOI: 10.1109/JLT.2019.2900913
关键词
Annealing; coupling loss; femtosecond laser direct writing; heat treatment; integrated optics; Mie scattering; mode field mismatch; optical waveguides; propagation loss; Rayleigh scattering
资金
- Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia [SFRH/BD/128795/2017]
- Project Coral - Sustainable Ocean Exploitation: Tools and Sensors through the North Portugal Regional Operational Programme (NORTE 2020), under the PORTUGAL 2020 Partnership Agreement [NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000036]
- Project Coral - Sustainable Ocean Exploitation: Tools and Sensors through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) [NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000036]
- Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia [SFRH/BD/128795/2017] Funding Source: FCT
Optical waveguides directly written in fused silica using a femtosecond laser were characterized from 350 to 1750 nm to gain insight on the waveguide's loss mechanisms and their dependence on processing parameters, such as pulse energy, scan velocity, and annealing temperature. Two major loss mechanisms were identified. In the range of parameters tested, high pulse energy was seen to improve coupling losses at long wavelengths, while high scan velocity has a negative effect in both Rayleigh scattering and coupling losses at long wavelengths. Thermal annealing of the waveguides demonstrated an improvement of the Rayleigh scattering at a cost of higher coupling losses at long wavelengths. Wavelength independent Mie scattering was also observed, evolving negatively with pulse energy. A minimum Rayleigh scattering coefficient of approximate to 0.5 dB.cm(-1).mu m(4) (approximate to 0.08 dB.cm(-1).mu m(4) for thermally treated waveguides) together with a Mie scattering coefficient of approximate to 0.2-0.65 dB/cm are reported.
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