Thermal resistance of Clostridium difficile endospores in dairy compost upon exposure to wet and dry heat treatments

Aim Thermal resistance of Clostridium difficile endospores in finished dairy compost was compared at 55 and 65 degrees C under wet and dry heat conditions. Methods and Results A three-strain cocktail of C. difficile endospores was inoculated into dairy compost to a final concentration of c. 5 center dot 5 log CFU per gram and the moisture content (MC) of the compost was adjusted to be 20, 30 and 40%. For the dry heat treatment at 55 and 65 degrees C, the compost samples were placed in an environmental chamber, whereas for the wet heat treatment, the inoculated compost samples were placed in a tray submerged in a water bath. The MCs of composts were maintained well throughout the wet heat treatment while the dry heat treatment reduced the MCs of composts to <10% by the end of come-up time. During the come-up time, the log endospore reductions at a selected temperature were not significantly different in compost with three selected MCs, in each heat treatment. During the holding time, endospore counts reduced by CFU per gram at 55 and 65 degrees C of dry heat treatment, whereas 0 center dot 7-0 center dot 8 and 0 center dot 6-3 center dot 0 log CFU per gram reductions were observed at 55 and 65 degrees C in wet heat treatment respectively. Conclusion The recommended minimum composting guidelines were not sufficient to reduce C. difficile endospore counts to an undetectable level (five endospores per gram). Increasing the temperature of thermophilic phase to 65 degrees C, and maintaining higher MCs of composting feedstocks have significant (P < 0 center dot 05) effects on the endospore inactivation. Significance and Impact of the Study Our study identified factors that significantly affecting the thermal resistance of C. difficile endospores during composting, and the results suggest the current composting guidelines need to be amended in order to reduce the dissemination of C. difficile endospores in agricultural environment.