TGF-β1 Induces Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition of Chronic Sinusitis with Nasal Polyps through MicroRNA-21

Objectives: To characterize the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) and to investigate the mechanism by which microRNA-21 (miR-21) regulates EMT in CRSwNP. Method: (1) Tissue experiments: Mucosa tissues were collected from 13 patients with CRSwNP and 12 patients with CRS without nasal polyps (CRSsNP), as well as 11 patients without CRS (controls). Protein localization and quantification were achieved by immunofluorescence staining and Western blotting, involving the epithelial marker protein E-cadherin and the mesenchymal marker proteins alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA), fibronectin, and vimentin. Quantitative RT-PCR was used to detect the relative expression levels of miR-21 and TGF-beta 1 mRNAs. (2) Cellular experiments: Primary human nasal epithelial cells (PHNECs) treated with TGF-beta 1, or TGF-beta 1 with miR-21 inhibitor, or miR-21 mimics alone were observed for morphology changes under a phase-contrast microscope. The expression levels of epithelial/mesenchymal marker proteins were determined as aforementioned. PTEN and phosphorylated Akt were detected by Western blotting. Results: (1) Tissue experiments: Compared with the CRSsNP and control groups, the expression of E-cadherin was downregulated in the CRSwNP group, whereas the expression of TGF-beta 1, alpha-SMA, fibronectin, and vimentin was upregulated. The expression levels of miR-21 and TGF-beta 1 mRNAs in CRSwNP were significantly higher than those in CRSsNP and controls. (2) Cellular experiments: TGF-beta 1 induced EMT-like transformation in PHNECs, featured by changes in cell morphology and upregulation of mesenchymal proteins and miR-21. The miR-21 inhibitor, as well as the Akt-specific inhibitor, suppressed TGF-beta 1-induced EMT. Mechanically, downregulation of miR-21 resulted in increased PTEN and decreased Akt phosphorylation. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-21 had the opposite effects. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the TGF-beta 1-miR-21-PTEN-Akt axis may contribute to the pathogenesis of CRSwNP. miR-21 might be a reliable target for treating nasal polyp genesis through EMT suppression. Moreover, miR-21 inhibitors could be a novel class of antipolyp drug that modulates PTEN expression and Akt activation. In addition, further investigation regarding the reason underlying miR-21 overexpression in CRSwNP could provide a molecular target for novel treatment strategies for nasal polyposis.