Thymosin participates in antimicrobial immunity in zebrafish

Thymosin hormones, which were shown to be involved in immune system development and differentiation in previous studies, have antimicrobial functions in different animals. Zebrafish are a useful model for immunology research. Although thymosin has been reported to be involved in the embryonic development of zebrafish, it is necessary to uncover the antimicrobial function of thymosin in zebrafish. In this study, we expressed thymosin P (T beta) in zebrafish in vitro and studied its antimicrobial function. The T beta protein consists of 45 amino acids and is conserved among its family members, especially the actin-binding motif (LKKTET). T beta was expressed in all tested tissues and was highly expressed in the brain, liver and hindgut. After Aeromonas hydrophila challenge, the T beta transcript level increased in the skin, liver, kidney, spleen, thymus, foregut, gills and midgut. Purified recombinant thymosin beta (rT beta) protein was used to study the antimicrobial mechanism. rT beta could inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Aeromonas hydrophila, Vibrio anguillarum, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneurnoniae. rT beta also binds to and agglutinates certain bacteria. Further study showed that rT beta could combine with the polysaccharides from gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial walls. All results suggested that the T beta of zebrafish plays a significant role in innate antibacterial immune responses.