Incorporating a non-reactive heavy metal simulation module into SWAT model and its application in the Athabasca oil sands region

Heavy metal contaminations in an aquatic environment is a serious issue since the exposure to toxic metals can cause a variety of public health problems. A watershed-scale model is a useful tool for predicting and assessing heavy metal fate and transport in both terrestrial and aquatic environments. In this study, we developed a simulation module for non-reactive heavy metals and incorporated it into the widely used Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. The simulated processes in the developed model include heavy metaldeposition, partitioning in soil and water, and transport by different pathways in both terrestrial and aquatic environments. Three-phase partitioning processes were considered in the module by simulating heavy metals portioning to dissolved organic carbon in the soil and stream. This developed module was used for watershed-scale simulation of heavy metal processes in the Muskeg River watershed (MRW) of the Athabasca oil sands region in western Canadafor the first time. The daily streamflow and sediment load from 2015 to 2017 were first calibrated and validated. Subsequently, the daily Leadand Copperloads at the outlet station were used for heavy metal calibration and validation. The performances for the daily heavy metal loads simulation during the wholesimulation period can be considered as satisfactory based on the recommended model performance criteria with the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency as 0.41 and 0.71 for Pb and Cu loads, respectively. The simulation results indicate that the spring and summer are hot moments for heavy metal transport and the snowmelt in spring and rainfall runoff events in summer are the main driving forces for the metal transport in the MRW. We believe the developed model can be a useful tool for simulating the fate and transport of non-reativeheavy metals at watershed scale and further used to assess management scenarios for mitigating heavy metal pollution in the Athabasca oil sands region.