期刊
ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
卷 81, 期 -, 页码 37-46出版社
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.engappai.2019.02.006
关键词
Cartoon; Automatic colorization; Deep learning; Convolutional neural network
类别
资金
- Lodz University of Technology, Poland, Faculty of Electrical, Electronic, Computer and Control Engineering [501/12-24-1-5428]
Although there exist several approaches to the automatic colorization of the natural scene images and movies the problem of cartoon colorization has barely been considered. Therefore, this paper proposes a fully automatic pipeline to create a plausible colorization of vintage cartoons which is visually appealing to a human observer. Particularly, the Deep Cartoon Colorizer is proposed. The method incorporates an encoder-decoder convolutional neural network which is trained to map colors onto consecutive cartoon frames. The method was trained with 4944 images and tested on 34 vintage Disney cartoons including both the decolorized and the originally monochrome movies. In total 265388 cartoon frames were assessed including 246591 decolorized frames and 18797 originally monochrome ones. The resulting automatic colorizations were evaluated both quantitatively (by means of popular image perceptual quality measures) and qualitatively (by performing a human perception test). The resulting median values of the image quality measures range from 0.66 for Visual Information Fidelity and 0.85 for HaarPSI, through 0.94 for Structural Similarity Index, to 0.97 for Universal Image Quality Index which is a very good result. The subjective scores assigned by the human raters' on a ten-degree scale are on average equal to 6.11 and 6.63 for decolorized and monochrome frames respectively. This result also confirms that the desired effect of plausible colorization was obtained by the introduced approach.
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