期刊
ECOLOGY
卷 100, 期 6, 页码 -出版社
WILEY
DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2658
关键词
adaptation; animal movement; environmental variation; future change; plasticity; time-to-event approaches
类别
资金
- National Science Foundation [DEB 1258062]
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology (Radolfzell, Germany)
- National Geographic Society Committee for Research and Exploration
- Galapagos Conservation Trust
- Institute for Conservation Medicine of the Saint Louis Zoo
- Woodspring Trust
- Swiss Friends of Galapagos
To understand how migratory behavior evolved and to predict how migratory species will respond to global environmental change it is important to quantify the fitness consequences of intra- and inter-individual variation in migratory behavior. Intra-individual variation includes behavioral responses to changing environmental conditions and hence behavioral plasticity in the context of novel or variable conditions. Inter-individual variation determines the degree of variation on which selection can act and the rate of evolutionary responses to changes in average and extreme environmental conditions. Here we focus on variation in the partial migratory behavior of giant Galapagos tortoises (Chelonoidis spp.) and its energetic consequences. We evaluate the extent and mechanisms by which tortoises adjust migration timing in response to varying annual environmental conditions, and integrate movement data within a bioenergetic model of tortoise migration to quantify the fitness consequences of migration timing. We find strong inter-individual variation in the timing of migration, which was not affected by environmental conditions prevailing at the time of migration but rather by average expectations estimated from multi-annual averaged conditions. This variation is associated with an average annual loss in efficiency of 15% relative to optimal timing based on year-specific conditions. These results point towards a limited ability of tortoises to adjust the timing of their migrations based on prevailing (and, by extension, future) conditions, suggesting that the adaptability of tortoise migratory behavior to changing conditions is predicated more by past normal conditions than responses to prevailing, changing conditions. Our work offers insights into the level of environmental-tuning in migratory behavior and a general framework for future research across taxa.
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