Unintentional IUD expulsion with concomitant menstrual cup use: a case series

Although reproductive-aged women use both menstrual cups and intrauterine devices (IUDs) simultaneously, it is unknown whether concomitant use reduces contraceptive effectiveness. We report seven cases wherein IUD expulsion occurred during concomitant menstrual cup use. Further research is needed to determine mechanisms of expulsion, predictors and strategies to avoid expulsions. (C) 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.