Graphene inks for the 3D printing of cell culture scaffolds and related molecular arrays

3D printing technology has changed academia and industry perception regarding the course of evolution in the manufacturing of customizable products, paving the way towards refined patient treatment plans that can best fit individual needs. Coupling 3D printing with suitable biomaterial and CT-scan personalized implants resembling complex tissue architecture and able to sustain cell seeding and proliferation can be fabricated. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of 3D printing available techniques and aspects related to the standards of congruity between material and procedure. The present state of development in 3D printing materials is also assessed with the focus on graphene and graphene composite inks and the optimization of these formulations for various 3D printing methods. Recent advances in printing with cell containing inks and the new concept of 4D printing are also addressed. Biosensor fabrication benefits from graphene inks and 3D printing are highlighted and recent reports on user-friendly 3D printed graphene biosensors for biomolecule detection have also been reviewed. Overall, the manuscript outlines the benefits and limitation of 3D printing techniques and graphene based inks for biomedical purposes and their potential impact in healthcare.