Recent Advances and Trends in Applications of Solid-Phase Extraction Techniques in Food and Environmental Analysis

This paper presents an overview of the more recent applications of solid-phase extraction (SPE, from January 2015 to September 2018, which have been recorded in Web of Science) in preparation of food and environmental samples. First, the history, milestones, principles, and features of different formats of SPE are discussed. In addition, miniaturization of SPE techniques and comparison of classical SPE and miniaturized SPE-called dispersive micro solid-phase extraction (D-mu-SPE)-are covered. Next, the published applications in extraction and separation of diverse organic and inorganic analytes from a variety of food and environmental samples are classified on the basis of their sorbents including layered double hydroxide, metal organic frameworks, carbon nanotube-based sorbents, graphene-based sorbents, beta-cyclodextrin-based sorbents, dendrimer-based sorbents, molecular or ion recognition sorbents, and restricted access materials. Finally, the future trends in this area are discussed.