Is canine heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) endemic to South Australia?

Background Canine heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) was reported as endemic to South Australia over 25 years ago, but the current status of canine heartworm infection in South Australia is unknown. Methods We surveyed South Australian veterinary practices to collect evidence about canine heartworm cases, prevention, screening and treatment practices. Results In total, 141 veterinary practices operating in South Australia (92.3% response rate) completed a 12-question telephone survey. Five confirmed cases of heartworm and one suspected false-positive case were reported from separate practices over the 2016-17 financial year. All confirmed cases had recently relocated to South Australia from interstate. Incidence of canine heartworm was estimated at 0.00% (95% confidence interval (CO: 0.00-0.0006) and prevalence at 0.002% (95%CI: 0.00-0.004) using conservative estimates of the South Australian dog population. Attitudes and protocols regarding heartworm differed significantly between metropolitan and rural veterinary practices. All metropolitan practices recommend systematic medicated prevention against heartworm, while some rural practices (20.7%) recommend prevention only when travelling interstate (P < 0.001). Conclusion Although there is a minor source of heartworm from introduction of infected dogs into South Australia, there is no evidence that the infection is transmitted to other dogs within the state. Therefore, it is unlikely that heartworm is currently endemic to South Australia as reported in the past. This new evidence provides a strong case to refine current prevention practices to reflect the current negligible risk of heartworm infection within South Australia.