Induction of brain-infiltrating T-bet-expressing B cells in multiple sclerosis

Objective Results from anti-CD20 therapies demonstrate that B- and T-cell interaction is a major driver of multiple sclerosis (MS). The local presence of B-cell follicle-like structures and oligoclonal bands in MS patients indicates that certain B cells infiltrate the central nervous system (CNS) to mediate pathology. Which peripheral triggers underlie the development of CNS-infiltrating B cells is not fully understood. Methods Ex vivo flow cytometry was used to assess chemokine receptor profiles of B cells in blood, cerebrospinal fluid, meningeal, and brain tissues of MS patients (n = 10). Similar analyses were performed for distinct memory subsets in the blood of untreated and natalizumab-treated MS patients (n = 38). To assess T-bet(CXCR3)(+) B-cell differentiation, we cultured B cells from MS patients (n = 21) and healthy individuals (n = 34) under T helper 1- and TLR9-inducing conditions. Their CNS transmigration capacity was confirmed using brain endothelial monolayers. Results CXC chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3)-expressing B cells were enriched in different CNS compartments of MS patients. Treatment with the clinically effective drug natalizumab prevented the recruitment of CXCR3(high) IgG1(+) subsets, corresponding to their increased ability to cross CNS barriers in vitro. Blocking of interferon-gamma (IFN gamma) reduced the transmigration potential and antigen-presenting function of these cells. IFN gamma-induced B cells from MS patients showed increased T-bet expression and plasmablast development. Additional TLR9 triggering further upregulated T-bet and CXCR3, and was essential for IgG1 switching. Interpretation This study demonstrates that T-bet(high) IgG1(+) B cells are triggered by IFN gamma and TLR9 signals, likely contributing to enhanced CXCR3-mediated recruitment and local reactivity in the CNS of MS patients. ANN NEUROL 2019;86:264-278