期刊
AMERICAN NATURALIST
卷 193, 期 4, 页码 560-574出版社
UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
DOI: 10.1086/701826
关键词
adaptive plasticity; bet hedging; cohort splitting; Megachilidae; thermal time; voltinism
资金
- National Science Foundation (NSF) [DBI-1315705]
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- University of Ottawa
- NSF [DGE-1143953]
Organisms must often make developmental decisions without complete information about future conditions. This uncertainty for example, about the duration of conditions favorable for growth- can favor bet-hedging strategies. Here, we investigated the causes of life cycle variation in Osmia iridis, a bee exhibiting a possible bethedging strategy with co-occurring 1- and 2-year life cycles. One-year bees reach adulthood quickly but die if they fail to complete pupation before winter 2-year bees adopt a low-risk, low-reward strategy of postponing pupation until the second summer. We reared larval bees in incubators in various experimental conditions and found that warmer-but not longer-summers and early birthdates increased the frequency of 1-year life cycles. Using in situ temperature measurements and developmental trajectories of laboratory- and field-reared bees, we estimated degree-days required to reach adulthood in a single year. Local long-term (1950-2015) climate records reveal that this heat requirement is met in only similar to 7% of summers, suggesting that the observed distribution of life cycles is adaptive. Warming summers will likely decrease average generation times in these populations. Nevertheless, survival of bees attempting 1-year life cycles particularly those developing from late-laid eggs-will be <100%; consequently, we expect the life cycle polymorphism to persist.
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