Hybrid dynamic windows using reversible metal electrodeposition and ion insertion

Dynamic windows with electronically controlled transmission reduce glare without obstructing views while increasing the energy efficiency of buildings and automobiles via lighting, heating and cooling savings. Electrochromic materials, which change colour with voltage, are widely explored for use in dynamic windows, but they have not been extensively commercialized due to problems associated with colour, cost, switching speed and durability. Here, we develop a class of dynamic windows that combines reversible metal electrodeposition with ion insertion chemistry. These devices function through the reversible electroplating of Bi and Cu at the working electrode and Li+ insertion in a nickel oxide counter electrode. In one minute, 100 cm(2) windows uniformly switch between a clear state with 75% transmission and a colour-neutral black state possessing 10% transmission, which represents a significant improvement over previous metal-based architectures. We demonstrate that these hybrid windows cycle at least 4,000 times without degradation and are compatible with flexible substrates. Lastly, we discuss how this approach can be used to design practical large-scale windows.