期刊
PSYCHIATRY RESEARCH
卷 272, 期 -, 页码 765-773出版社
ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.128
关键词
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; Gender differences; Diagnosis; Non-referred/population-based
类别
资金
- UK Medical Research Council [MR/M021475/1]
- Medical Research Council program [G9900839]
- 1 + 3 PhD studentship - Medical Research Council
- 1 + 3 PhD studentship - Institute of Psychiatry Excellence Fund
- MRC Skills Development Fellowship [MR/P014100/1]
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London
- NIHR Senior Investigator award [NF-SI-0616-10040]
- MRC [MR/M021475/1, MR/P014100/1] Funding Source: UKRI
We investigate if different factors influence whether girls versus boys meet diagnostic criteria for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) among children with high ADHD symptoms. Participants were 283 children aged 7-12 from a population-based study. Girls and boys meeting diagnostic criteria for ADHD, based on an objective investigator-based interview, were compared to children who did not meet criteria despite high symptoms on a rating-scale measure of ADHD. We assessed factors that could differentially relate to diagnosis across girls and boys including ADHD symptoms, co-occurring behavioural/emotional problems and impairment, and sex-effects in rater perceptions of ADHD symptoms. While overall similar factors distinguished girls and boys who met diagnostic criteria from high-symptom peers, effect sizes were larger in girls. Emotional problems were particularly salient to distinguishing diagnosed versus high-symptom girls but not boys. Parents rated boys meeting diagnostic criteria as more impaired than high-symptom boys but did not do so for girls, and under-rated diagnosed girls' hyperactive/impulsive symptoms compared to more objective interview assessment, with the opposite observed in boys. Results suggest girls' ADHD may need to be made more prominent by additional behavioural/emotional problems for them to meet full diagnostic criteria and that sex differences in parental perceptions of ADHD behaviours and impairment exist.
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