Lightweight, flaw-tolerant, and ultrastrong nanoarchitected carbon

It has been a long-standing challenge in modern material design to create low-density, lightweight materials that are simultaneously robust against defects and can withstand extreme thermomechanical environments, as these properties are often mutually exclusive: The lower the density, the weaker and more fragile the material. Here, we develop a process to create nanoarchitected carbon that can attain specific strength (strength-to-density ratio) up to one to three orders of magnitude above that of existing micro- and nanoarchitected materials. We use two-photon lithography followed by pyrolysis in a vacuum at 900 degrees C to fabricate pyrolytic carbon in two topologies, octet- and iso-truss, with unit-cell dimensions of similar to 2 mu m, beam diameters between 261 nm and 679 nm, and densities of 0.24 to 1.0 g/cm(3). Experiments and simulations demonstrate that for densities higher than 0.95 g/cm(3) the nanolattices become insensitive to fabrication-induced defects, allowing them to attain nearly theoretical strength of the constituent material. The combination of high specific strength, low density, and extensive deformability before failure lends such nanoarchitected carbon to being a particularly promising candidate for applications under harsh thermomechanical environments.