The role of convection in determining the ejection efficiency of common envelope interactions

A widely used method for parametrizing the outcomes of common envelopes (CEs) involves defining an ejection efficiency, (alpha) over bar (eff), that represents the fraction of orbital energy used to unbind the envelope as the orbit decays. Given eff, a prediction for the post-CE orbital separation is possible with knowledge of the energy required to unbind the primary's envelope from its core. Unfortunately, placing observational constraints on (alpha) over bar (eff) is challenging as it requires knowledge of the primary's structure at the onset of the CE phase. Numerical simulations have also had difficulties reproducing post-CE orbital configurations as they leave extended, but still bound, envelopes. Using detailed stellar interior profiles, we calculate (alpha) over bar (eff) values for a matrix of primary-companion mass pairs when the primary is at maximal extent in its evolution. We find that the ejection efficiency is most sensitive to the properties of the surface-contact convective region (SCCR). In this region, the convective transport time-scales are often short compared to orbital decay time-scales, thereby allowing the star to effectively radiate orbital energy and thus lower (alpha) over bar (eff). The inclusion of convection in numerical simulations of CEs may aid ejection without the need for additional energy sources as the orbit must shrink substantially further before the requisite energy can be tapped to drive ejection. Additionally, convection leads to predicted post-CE orbital periods of less than a day in many cases, an observational result that has been difficult to reproduce in population studies where (alpha) over bar (eff) is taken to be constant. Finally, we provide a simple method to calculate (alpha) over bar (eff) if the properties of the SCCR are known.