Effects of Pistacia atlantica on Oxidative Stress Markers and Antioxidant Enzymes Expression in Diabetic Rats

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) affects many patients all over the world. It involves different parts of the body, such as brain, eyes, kidneys, vessels, and so on. The lack of balance between free radicals and antioxidants is a possible mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes. Antioxidant treatment, especially natural forms, can be a beneficial solution. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of Pistacia atlantica oleoresin (PAO) on oxidative stress markers and antioxidant enzymes expression in diabetic rats. Method: Fifty adult male Wistar rats were allotted randomly into five groups as follow: control group, diabetic control group, glibenclamide control group, diabetic glibenclamide group, diabetic treated group with 200 mg/kg PAO. Then PAO was prepared and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS). LD50 was also estimated for essential oil. Oxidative stress markers and antioxidant enzyme including malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were also measured. The expression of GPx, CAT, and SOD genes was investigated using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: The main constituents of essential oil gum were beta-pinene (29.38%), followed by alpha-pinene (18.15%), myrcene (7.36%), trans-pinocarveol (7.15%), and camphene (4.12%). Diabetes induced an increased level of MDA (69.92 +/- 3.92 vs. 43.76 +/- 3.73) and decreased levels of GSH (2.57 +/- 0.40 vs. 7.05 +/- 1.59), GPx (11.66 +/- 2.2 vs. 16.38 +/- 2.1), CAT (12.17 +/- 3.38 vs. 18.7 +/- 2.66), and SOD (0.78 +/- 0.67 vs. 2.41 +/- 0.46). In contrast, PAO treatment significantly decreased MDA (54.59 +/- 12.54 vs. 69.92 +/- 3.92) and increased GSH (4.5 +/- 0.89 vs. 2.57 +/- 0.40), GPx (25.86 +/- 5.37 vs. 11.66 +/- 2.2), CAT (22.69 +/- 0.36 vs. 12.17 +/- 3.38), and SOD (3.65 +/- 1.08 vs. 0.78 +/- 0.67) (p < 0.05). Moreover, our results indicated that both GPx and CAT mRNA levels significantly increased approximately 4.46 and 6.23 times in rats fed with 200 mg/kg of PAO, more than that of the healthy control group, respectively (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively). Also, the average expression level of SOD was also significantly 1.57 higher in rats fed with 200 mg/kg of PAO in comparison to the diabetic control group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The results indicated that PAO could be propose as an agent that protects the body against diseases that are associated with oxidative stress.