Seeded growth of gold nanoparticles in aqueous solution of cationic gemini surfactants with different spacer length: influences of molecular and aggregate structures

It is well known that surfactants play a vital role in aqueous-phase synthesis of gold nanoparticles (GNPs). However, to date, it remains challenging to fully elucidate the roles of surfactants, especially for the correlation between the molecular and aggregate structure of the employed surfactant and the structures of the resulting GNPs. In the study, the synthesis of GNPs in aqueous solution of a series of cationic gemini surfactants with different spacer length (12-s-12, s=0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12) has been investigated. A remarkable spacer length-dependent morphological evolution of nanorodnanostarnanoplatespherical nanoparticle has been observed. The results show that the gemini surfactants can form the electrostatic complexes with Au-I ions, and the complexes further self-assemble into the various aggregates of different sizes, which greatly alters the migration dynamics of Au-I and eventually influences the growth kinetics of GNPs. The overall growth rate of the GNPs is determined by the combination of the monomer-Au-I molecular weight, the size of aggregates, and the local concentration of Au-I in the aggregates. Besides, the gemini surfactants with different spacer length could selectively anchor on various facets of GNPs, thus acting as the capping agents to direct the formation of the shaped GNPs. It is believed that the cationic gemini surfactants with different spacer length provide an excellent choice to control the growth kinetics and final morphology of GNPs, and this study provides new insights in surfactant-assisted synthesis of GNPs.