Neutrophil-mediated inflammation in the pathogenesis of Clostridium difficile infections

Clostridium difficile is the most important cause of nosocomial infectious diarrhea in the western world. C. difficile infections are a major healthcare burden with approximately 500,000 new cases every year and an estimated annual cost of nearly $1 billion in the U.S. Furthermore, the infections are no longer restricted to health care facilities, and recent studies indicate spread of C. difficile infection to the community as well. The clinical spectrum of C difficile infection ranges from asymptomatic colonization to severe diarrhea, fulminant colitis and death. This spectrum results from a complex interplay between bacterial virulence factors, the colonic microbiome and the host inflammatory response. The overall vigor of host inflammatory response is believed to be an important determinant of C difficile disease severity, and a more robust immune response is associated with worse outcomes. Neutrophils are the primary cells that respond to C difficile invasion and neutrophilic inflammation is the hallmark of C difficile-associated disease. In this review, we will focus on the role of neutrophils (infiltration to infected tissue, pathogen clearance and resolution of inflammation) in the immuno-pathogenesis of C difficile-associated disease (CDAD). (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.