期刊
AMPHIBIA-REPTILIA
卷 37, 期 1, 页码 45-54出版社
BRILL
DOI: 10.1163/15685381-00003029
关键词
density; fertilizer; natural stressors; pollution; Rana temporaria; warming
类别
资金
- Swiss National Science Foundation
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico y Tecnologico - CNPq of Brazil [370592/2013-1]
Amphibians face a variety of anthropogenic environmental perturbations that could act alone or in combination to influence population size. We investigated interactive effects of warming conditions, a moderate pulse of nitrogen pollution, and conspecific density on larvae of the common frog, Rana temporaria. The 16-day experiment had a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design implemented in 80-l outdoor mesocosms. High density and warm temperature both resulted in reduced activity and visibility; tadpoles grew and developed more quickly at low density and high temperature. The high-nitrogen treatment did not influence behavior, growth, or development rate. We attribute this to several realistic features of our study, including a pulsed treatment application and natural denitrification within the mesocosms. There was only a single interaction among the three factors: higher temperature exacerbated density-dependence in growth rate. These results illustrate that climate warming may benefit temperate amphibians, although the benefits may be counteracted by enhanced larval crowding.
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