Biochar combined with polyvalent phage therapy to mitigate antibiotic resistance pathogenic bacteria vertical transfer risk in an undisturbed soil column system

The vertical migration of antibiotic resistance pathogenic bacteria (ARPB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the surface soil-vadose soil system has become a new threat to ecological safety and public health; there is an imperative need to develop an efficient technique for targeted control and inactivation of ARPB in these systems. In this work, undisturbed soil columns (0 similar to -5 m) were constructed to investigate the impact of biochar amendment or/and polyvalent bacteriophage (Phi YSZ-KK) therapy on the vertical control and inactivation of tetracycline-resistant Escherichia coil K-12 and chloramphenicol-resistant Klebsiella pneumonia K-6. The si7 multaneous application of polyvalent phage and biochar impeded the vertical migration of ARPB from the top soil to lower soil layers and stimulated the ARPB dissipation in the soil column. After 60-day incubation, levels of ARPB and ARGs decreased significantly in the soil column by magnitudes of 2-6. Additionally, high throughput sequencing indicated that the simultaneous application of biochar and phage clearly maintained the structure and diversity of the soil microbial communities (p < 0.05). This work therefore demonstrates that the application of a biochar/phage combination is an environmentally friendly, efficacious measure for the control and inactivation of ARPB/ARGs in vertical soil column systems.