Load Frequency Control of Hybrid Power System Incorporating Vehicle-to-Grid Technology Considering AC Transmission Links

In modern power system, the participation of Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) in contributing to ancillary services like frequency regulation is probable to increase due to their fast charging/discharging capabilities. Renewable energy sources (RES) also play an important role in meeting the power demand and indirectly, minimizing the utilization of fossil fuels by the conventional power plants, but their behavior is very intermittent in nature which may cause frequency fluctuations. V2G technology can be used for meeting the imbalance in demand and generation. In view of these points, this paper proposes a load frequency control scheme with the participation of RES and V2G which can enhance the system dynamics under load fluctuations. For this, a multi-source system is designed with a solar-thermal power plant (STPP) and a thermal unit in Area-1, gas and thermal unit along with an electric vehicle (EV) fleet in Area-2, and two thermal units and an EV fleet in Area-3. The application of wind driven optimized two degree of freedom proportional-integral-derivative controller as secondary controller has been attempted in this work. The impact of addition of STPP and EVs into the system is verified in terms of reduction of magnitude and numbers of oscillations of the system responses.